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¿Por qué veo doble? - revisatuvision

Salud visual

¿Por qué veo doble?

Detrás de este fenómeno pueden encontrarse causas muy diversas. Vamos a ver algunas de ellas.

Visión binocular
La visión humana es binocular porque implica la intervención simultánea de ambos ojos. El cerebro controla los músculos oculares, haciendo que apunten de manera precisa al objeto al que la persona está mirando. Cada ojo trabaja de manera independiente, percibiendo dos imágenes ligeramente distintas, aunque luego el cerebro las integra en una sola. Este fenómeno se conoce como visión binocular simple.

Por su parte, la diplopía puede responder a tres mecanismos diferentes:

1. Visión binocular doble.

La mayoría de las personas con diplopía presentan visión binocular doble, que se produce cuando los dos ojos no trabajan juntos de manera coordinada, al no encontrarse bien alineados. Las imágenes enviadas al cerebro no resultan lo suficientemente similares como para fusionarlas en una sola. La razón más frecuente de esta falta de alineamiento es el estrabismo, aunque, en la mayoría de los casos, el paciente no ve doble, ya que el cerebro se adapta ignorando la información procedente de uno de los ojos.

2. Visión monocular doble.

El problema afecta a un solo ojo, de tal modo que remite al cubrirlo o taparlo, y suele manifestarse como una percepción de imágenes con un efecto "fantasma", es decir, ligeramente separadas o distorsionadas, en especial en torno a una fuente de luz. Las imágenes "fantasma" pueden aparecer tras la cirugía refractiva o de córnea.

3. Visión doble fisiológica.

En este caso, se perciben dobles los objetos de fondo, es decir, aquellos en los que no se centra la mirada. Este fenómeno a menudo pasa desapercibido, porque el cerebro del paciente llega a compensarlo.

En cuanto a su origen, la visión doble persistente o recurrente suele atribuirse a alguna de las siguientes causas:

  • Parálisis del nervio craneal.

Suele provocar una coordinación deficiente de uno o más músculos que controlan la posición y el trabajo conjunto de ambos ojos. Estas parálisis se relacionan con condiciones como la diabetes, la esclerosis múltiple, la meningitis, la hipertensión, las lesiones en la cabeza, los tumores, el bloqueo arterial y el aneurisma, entre otras. Muchas parálisis del nervio craneal remiten sin tratamiento cuando mejora la condición que las ha causado, pero algunas personas tienen que recurrir a la terapia visual, la cirugía o los prismas especiales en las gafas para compensar la diplopía.

  • Ojo seco.

Los casos más graves de ojo seco, como el derivado del síndrome de Sjogren, puede provocar imágenes "fantasma" debido a una insuficiente calidad lagrimal. Este problema suele mejorar con gotas oculares u otros tratamientos.

  • Cirugía refractiva.

En ocasiones, la cirugía refractiva lleva aparejada sequedad e irregularidades en la superficie corneal, causando que los rayos de luz se dispersen en lugar de enfocarse de la manera apropiada. Este problema normalmente desaparece pasadas algunas semanas o meses, durante los cuales se pueden usar gotas oculares.

  • Irregularidades corneales.

Los problemas visuales pueden estar causados por condiciones como el queratocono (córnea con forma de cono) y las distrofias corneales (deterioro de la estructura corneal). Muchas irregularidades corneales mejoran con lentes de contacto especiales o recurriendo a tratamientos para el ojo seco, aunque algunas personas necesitan someterse a procedimientos quirúrgicos, como el trasplante de córnea.

  • Cataratas.

Suelen causar imágenes "fantasma", normalmente solo en un ojo, debido a que el emborronamiento del cristalino hace que los rayos de luz se dispersen en varias direcciones, dando lugar a imágenes múltiples e incompletas, en especial al mirar hacia un foco luminoso. La cirugía suele solucionar este problema.

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