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Retinosis pigmentaria - revisatuvision

Qué es

Retinosis pigmentaria

Quien padece esta enfermedad se queda prácticamente ciego cuando baja la luz ambiental.

No fue hasta finales del siglo XIX cuando se reconoció esta enfermedad degenerativa de la retina y de origen hereditario. Hoy en día ya se conoce algo más la enfermedad, aunque aún queda mucho por investigar, lo que sí se sabe es que aparece debido a la destrucción de los fotorreceptores, es decir, las células que se encuentran en la retina que se ocupan de captar la luz. Se pueden distinguir dos tipos de células, los bastones que son los que nos permiten ver de noche y percibir una amplia zona del campo visual; y los conos, que se sitúan en el centro de la retina y se encargan de la visión central, de la del día y de la de los colores. En las primeras fases de la retinosis pigmentaria, son los bastones los que se van deteriorando; mientras que según progresa las células que se destruyen son los conos, pudiendo dar lugar a una ceguera total.

Sus primeras señales
Esta enfermedad tienen una naturaleza hereditaria, pero esto no significa que todos los miembros de la familia tengan riesgo de padecerla, depende de la genética, por ello se puede detectar mediante un estudio genético.
El mayor porcentajes de afectados comienzan a notar los primeros síntomas entre los 20 y 30 años. El origen se encuentra en la llamada “ceguera nocturna”, la cual se caracteriza por una lenta capacidad del paciente para adaptar su visión en la oscuridad. El siguiente paso es la pérdida progresiva del campo visual, dado lugar a lo que se denomina “visión en cañón de escopeta”, la cual se detecta a través de la campimetría.

Aún sin cura
Aunque se sabe cómo se desarrolla la enfermedad, aún no hay tratamiento para su cura, por ahora las investigaciones se están centrando en frenar su evolución, y es que sólo hace 10 años que se empezaron a entender los mecanismos que conllevan la muerte celular. Parece ser que en la retina hay unos vectores víricos que actúan sobre los genes de las células que se destruyen, y que podrían favorecer su supervivencia, pero es algo que aún está por verificar totalmente. También se está trabajando en la posibilidad de realizar trasplantes de tejido retiniano y de células madre, pero de igual forma, está aún en proceso.
Lo que sí se está empezando a realizar es una terapia genética en ciertos tipos de retinosis pigmentaria que consiste en poner un gen que falta o inhibir el que está funcionando mal y provoca algún daño, pero solo se realiza en casos muy específicos.
Actualmente el tratamiento que se aplica a estos pacientes es evitar otros problemas oculares asociados, como son las cataratas precoces o el edema macular asociado.

¿Qué te puede ayudar?
Quienes padecen retinopatía pigmentaria deben proteger sus ojos siguiendo estos consejos, ente otros:
• Usar filtros especiales de corte.
• Realizar ejercicio físico al aire libre, en zonas poco contaminadas.
• Tomar vitaminas antioxidantes y suplementos de DHA-omega 3 siguiendo la dieta mediterránea.
• Adquirir el hábito de realizar técnicas de relajación.
• Usar viseras y sombreros para evitar la exposición directa a la radiación solar.
Por el contrario, evita la exposición a la radiación solar y rayos, X; no abuses de la cafeína, el tabaco y el alcohol, e intenta estar lo más tranquilo posible.

Progresos con la rehabilitación visual
Con ella se intenta potenciar la capacidad visual que le queda al paciente, centrándose en mejorar su orientación y movilidad, para que así disfrute de una mejor calidad de vida. Además, el profesional en baja visión le puede recomendar la utilización de ciertas ayuda, como una lupa, o sistemas electrónicos más sofisticados.
 

Más información

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